United
Nations Unanimously Passes Weapons Ban
By
HELEN PREJEAN
NEW YORK – A spontaneous celebration erupted in the U.N. General Assembly
after representatives of 192 member states unanimously ratified the
Comprehensive Arms Ban Treaty. The treaty outlaws possession, production and
trade of military equipment ranging from small arms to nuclear warheads. “This
is watershed moment in the security of people and the security of the planet
itself,” said U.S. President Barack Obama. “With weapons off the table, we can
finally focus on the world’s real threats: global poverty, pollution, and
climate change.” The Comprehensive Arms Ban Treaty is an initiative of the
U.N.’s new Global Security Protocol, which identifies environmental
sustainability as its prime directive. “We cannot have any kind of security
unless our planet remains livable,” said Secretary General Ban Ki-moon. “The
tens of trillions of dollars freed by disarmament makes it easier to focus on
the bigpicture issues.”
The weapons ban includes extensive subsidiies for the retooling of arms
manufacturers. Hours after the agreement was reached, German weapons giant
Heckler & Koch announced its first contract to take advantage of the
incentive packages by refitting its P11 assault pistol factory to produce an
improved “life straw,” an individual water filtration system that greatly
reduces waterborne disease. The
company’s plan will use former weapons brokers to deliver the straws,
and they will train former child soldiers to handle the labor-intensive task of
local distribution.
Impetus for the C.A.B.T. developedafter
the 1998 EuropeanUnion Code of Conduct, whichprohibits selling weapons
tocountries that may use them forexternal aggression or internal
oppression,went largely unheeded.In one contravention of the code,Europe did
not cease trade withthe United States and Britain despitetheir unprovoked
invasion ofIraq in 2003.
In Britain, massive
publicprotests, including a sit-in thatblocked exit from the British
Parliamentfor two weeks, convincedthe government to reverse courseand uphold
the E.U. Code of Conduct,as well as to support passageof the C.A.B.T.
One of the primary focuses of
the C.A.B.T. is small arms, which kill one person every minute, 75 percent of
them women and children. A survey conducted last May showed fewer than
one-tenth of one percent in favor of continuing these deaths. In addition to mandating
the immediate cessation of production, the C.A.B.T. includes a buyback program
to repossess most of the 640 million small arms already in circulation, and
melt them down in small mobile smelters which will recycle the steel into
agricultural tools and equipment to be distributed locally.
As for the 20,350 nuclear warheadsknown
to exist, they willbe destroyed using monitoringprocedures developed under
theStrategic Arms Reduction Treaty.The last country to sign off on thenew plan
was North Korea, whoagreed to dismantle their last warheadsimultaneously with
that ofthe U.S. The disarmament will takeplace in a ceremony organized
andtelevised by members of the nowdefunct Olympic Games Committee.The Olympic
Games werecanceled in December after mostmember nations realized that
conteststo see who could do uselessthings in the name of archaic
nationalboundaries are not helpinganyone.
Ailing leader Kim Jong Il made
a rare appearance to comment. “Finally, we have rid ourselves of the lympics. Our best athletes will do useful and
strenuous things. And we are very pleased to no longer need bombs to protect
ourselves from Americans with more bombs. We can now focus on avoiding the
collapse of our planet’s ecosystem, and on other pursuits the Great Leader
would have applauded. The people of North Korea will enjoy this challenging,
bright future immensely.”
1.
The
writer’s purpose
To inform
the reader about the unanimously ratified the Comprehensive Arms Ban Treaty
2.
The
writer’s point of view
The
writer thinks that using weapons especially
nuclear it is very dangerous for the word
3.
The
writer’s bias
The writer supports to the topic because
there are clear explanations and examples that support to what the writer talks
about the topic. For example, “This is watershed moment in the security of people and
the security of the planet itself,”.“The tens of trillions of dollars freed by
disarmament makes it easier to focus on the big picture issues.” And As
for the 20,350 nuclear warheadsknown to exist, they willbe destroyed using
monitoringprocedures developed under theStrategic Arms Reduction Treaty.
4.
The
Inference
The Comprehensive Arms Ban Treaty can make the goverment
more focus on the world’s real threats.
5.
Unfamiliar
words
-
Disarmament : the act of taking away or giving up weapons
: The
company support
nucleardisarmament.
-
Refitting : to put a ship back into good condition by repairing it or
adding new parts
: They
are refitting army battleship to keep our national bounderies.
-
Unprovoked : describes an unpleasant action or remark when it has not
been caused by anything and is therefore unfair
: There are many
unprovoked thing in elite government program.
-
Invasion : when an army or country uses force
to enter and take control of another country.
: There are many invasion in the north of the country.
-
Waterborne : carried by or through water
: This ilnes is caused by a waterborne parasite.
-
Cease : to stop something
: They decided to cease this program
-
Massive : very large in size
: She get massive house from her parents.
-
Uphold : to defend or keep a principle or
law, or to state that a decision which has already been made, especially a
legal one, is correct
: Judge Davis upheld the county
court's decision.
-
Dismantle : to take a machine apart or to come
apart into separate pieces
: The weapon cab be dismantled in to separate part.
Education Department
PlansNational Tax Base for Schools
Takes Cue from
Ohio
and 23 Other
States
By M.M. BETHUNE
Twenty-three states have
announced plans to fund primary and secondary education on a statewide tax
basis instead of per county, following the lead of a landmark decision in Ohio.
Ohio’s S.B. 320 follows the Ohio Supreme Court ruling that funding schools from
local propertytaxes and private initiatives does not comply with the Ohio
Constitution’s guarantee of a thorough and efficient” public education system.
The new statewide system means that resources are more equitably distributed,
with innercity schools receiving the same amount as suburban ones.
The Ohio decision began with
Governor Ted Strickland’s 2006 campaign promise to assure that “where you grow
up in Ohio should not determine where you end up in life.” Hundreds of
grassroots campaigns throughout the state, including The Ohio Coalition For
Equity and Adequacy of School Funding, took the cue from Mr. Strickland’s
statement and spent the last two years working hard to hold him to it. “Finally,
this is a real step towardsthe equality our Constitutionrecommends,” says
AmandaFullerton, of Columbus. Ms. Fullerton,a mother of two, voted forMr.
Strickland because of his longhistory of support for educationalreform, but was
soon disappointedby the governor’s inaction inoffice. When she first heard
aboutthe proposed bill in the OhioSenate, Ms. Fullerton decided tooccupy the
Governor’s office todemonstrate how important shefelt the bill was. Over two
hundredmothers soon joined her, campingout for six days. Many observersfeel
that actions like the mothers’played a key role in convincingGovernor
Strickland to push hardfor the bill.
Following the announcements of twenty-three states that they would be voting on
similar bills, the U.S. Department of Education said it would be developing a
plan for a national tax base for schools, to finally assure that as in most
other developed countries, a child’s opportunities to learn will not depend on
his or her birthplace.
1.
The
writer’s purpose
To inform
the reader about Twenty-three states have announced plans to fund primary and
secondary education on a statewide tax basis instead of per county, following
the lead of a landmark decision in Ohio.
2.
The
writer’s point of vie
The
writer thinks that tax base for school
is very important to keep education in U.S. especially in Ohio without any
problems like birthplace that can cause the student has difficulty to study.
3.
The
writer’s bias
The writer supports to the topic because
there are clear explanations and examples that support to what the writer talks
about the topic. For example, “Governor Ted
Strickland’s 2006 campaign promise to assure that “where you grow up in Ohio
should not determine where you end up in life.”, “Finally,
this is a real step towardsthe equality our Constitutionrecommends,” says
AmandaFullerton, of Columbus”.
4.
The
Inference
Tax base for school can
quarantee the student to study without any problems, like about birtplace.
5.
Unfamiliar
words
-
Statewide : in every part of a state
: The U.S. make new regulation for statewide.
-
Landmark : an important stage in something’s
development
: The invention of the new strategies for development of
the product was a landmark in history of the computer company.
-
Equitaby : fair and resonable; treating everyone
in the same way
: if the law is to be effective it must be applied
equitably.
-
Inaction : failure to do anything which might provide a solution to a
problem
: This announcement follows months of
inaction and delay.
-
Suburban : relating to a suburb
: They live in suburban Washington.
-
Grassroots : involving the ordinary people in a
society or an organization
: This grassroots support can show the
power of this country
CULTURE OF
INDONESIA
Indonesia`s
cultural diversity remains unmatched in Southeast Asia and even in the world.
With more than 500 ethnic groups, each with their own language and dialect,
Indonesia cannot be compared with any other country when it comes to cultural
diversity.
"I have travelled to most Southeast Asian countries but nowhere is the
cultural diversity as rich as what I have seen in Indonesia," German
Cultural Centre "Goethe-Institute" Director Franz Xaver Augustin said
in Jakarta on Friday.
Indonesia is blessed with an abundance of unique cultures and traditional arts,
which must be preserved.
Speaking at a press conference for a painting exhibition on "Raden Saleh
and the Beginning of Indonesian Modern Painting", Augustin said the
Indonesian cultural diversity in Southeast Asia was without any parallel.
But unluckily, he noted, many Indonesians failed to respect their own cultural
heritage from the Dutch colonial era.
"We have presented the beautiful works of great painter Raden Saleh in
this exhibition, because they are not appreciated enough by the people of
Indonesia," Augustin said.
Agreeing with Augustin, Indonesian literati Goenawan Muhammad stated the
country`s people indeed did not appreciate the art and culture of their own
nation.
"Even our education system is unable to motivate students to appreciate
our music and artwork," said the man who is popularly known as GM.
According to Goenawan, the government has not done enough to address the
problem, because several museums and paintings in Indonesia are not maintained
properly.
"We know that Indonesian culture and artwork are beginning to have a good
market abroad and we have to maintain them as an asset for tourism," he
said.
Indonesia is made up of more than 500 tribes, who speak more than 700 ethnic
languages, and are spread over more than 17,000 islands, with the five major
islands being Sumatra, Java, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, and Papua.
Therefore, United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
(UNESCO) director general Irina Borkova also praised the country for its
capability to preserve its cultural diversity.
"I express my appreciation to Indonesia, a country with immense cultural
diversity," she said.
Meanwhile, Arief Rachman, a member of the Administrative Group of the
International Bureau of Education Council of UNESCO, said Indonesia was a
museum of cultural diversity.
Therefore, President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono was invited by the UNESCO to
Paris in November 2011 to present his views on the development and preservation
of the Indonesia's cultural diversity.
"In UNESCO`s view, Indonesia has succeeded in maintaining its territorial
integrity as well as its national unity, although its population consists of
hundreds of different tribes with their own cultures and languages," Arief
had said then.
At the UNESCO General Assembly in Paris, President Yudhoyono stated Indonesia
preserved its cultural diversity for the sake of national unity.
In his speech at the special session of the 36th UNESCO General Conference in
Paris, Yudhoyono said a new global approach was needed to develop better
understanding of cultural diversity and differences.
He called on all nations around the world to join Indonesia in creating a new
approach to promote multiculturalism.
"The previous paradigm of `I and you` should now be changed to `we`,"
the Indonesian head of state said.
President Yudhoyono added, with the new approach, differences of opinion could
be reduced, which would eventually lead to greater respect for human rights.
He said Indonesia had previously faced many problems that ended up in ethnic
clashes, but through common efforts the awareness that cultural diversity was a
national asset was raised, due to which the conflicts could be resolved.
"The experience later turned into a lesson and made Indonesia one of the
world`s largest democracies," Yudhoyono said.
"Further, an approach that accommodated local interests and respected
local cultures helped settle many problems, such as in Aceh and Poso," he
added.
President Yudhoyono stated Indonesia was grateful for having a diverse society
and the nation adhered to the principle of unity in diversity.
The Indonesian head of state was chosen to deliver a keynote speech because
UNESCO considered the country to be a perfect example of how cultural diversity
could be used as a national strength.
According to Arief, Indonesia can indeed set an example for other countries.
However, he added, if the international community respected the cultural
diversity of Indonesia, then Indonesians should also make every effort to
preserve and develop it.
"Therefore, the state and nation, including people from all walks of life,
should familiarise themselves with Indonesia`s strength and realise that
Indonesia is a great country," Arief said.
He also noted the government must play a bigger role in developing and
preserving the country`s multiculturalism, because the same principles could be
applied to improve Indonesia`s foreign policy.(Uu.O001/INE/KR-BSR)
CULTURE DIVERSITY
Definition
1.
Culture
Is the live style has improved and own by all
people and also become the heritage from one generation to next generation.
2.
Culture Diversity
Cultural
diversity is the makeup of various social structures, belief systems and
strategies that other cultures use to adapt to life situations in all parts of
the world
Indonesia as the
biggest archipelago country in the word that contain more than 17.508 islands,
5 bigest islands, 30 groups small island and 583 dialects.
Festival
a.
Krakatau Festival
It is an anual festival that will be done in Lapung on 25 July to celebrate
the vulcanic island namely Krakatau.
In this festival we can enjoy many atraction, for example Tuping Carnival
(Lampung Mark Carnival), elephant attraction and a lot of traditional dance
ferformance from Lampung and the end of this festival we will go to vulcanic
Mount.
Krakatau Festival will feature a wide range of traditional art and cultural displays such as
an Indonesian cultural parade, traditional dances, Lampung culinary bazaar, and
to top it all is a tour to the historic Krakatau Volcanic Islands.
Participated by all regencies and cities within the
province of Lampung,the festival was preceded by the Lampung Fair held from
early May to June 2012 and a series of events such as traditional Pop Song
competition (20 June 2012), Traditional dance Creation Competition (23 June
2012) and the Muli Mekhanai Pageant 2012 in early July.
As pinnacle of the Festival, participants will be
taken to the remnants of one of the most well known volcanoes in history, Mount
Krakatau. After its catastrophic eruption in 1883, where once stood the
mighty Krakatau volcano, today only a number of idyllic small tropical islands are left in the
Sunda Straits located between the islands of Java and Sumatra.
b.
Bali Art Festival
It is a festival that will be done for 1 month exactly on August. There are
many art performance/ exhibition likes traditional dancing, food, handycraft,
and contemporer coreografy. In this moment society can enjoy the tradition and
also art from Bali like dancing, painting and etc.
The
Bali Arts Festival is a full month of daily performances, handicraft
exhibitions and other related cultural and commercial activities during which
literally the whole of Bali comes to the city to present its offerings of
dance, music and beauty. On display are trances from remote mountain slopes,
forgotten or recently revived village dances, food and offering contests,
classical palace dances, stars of Balinese stage, odd musical performances,
"kreasi baru" (new creations) from the dance schools of Denpasar, as
well as contemporary choreography and dance companies from other islands and
from abroad.
It is a month long revelry that perhaps no other place in the world can put up
on such a low budget as the Balinese. Not only is their traditional culture
alive and well, but they have a tremendous pride in it.
It begins in the villages, where the seka or cultural groups are selected and
organized at the regency level, vie with each other to perform the Arts
Festival and thus display in front of a large audience the uniqueness of their
village of birth and resting place of their ancestors.
The Bali Arts Festival is the Denpasar cultural event of the year, perhaps it
would no be too far fetched to suggest that it is the cultural event of
Indonesia. The festival is thus a unique opportunity to see local village
culture both "live" and at first hand. Tourists are warmly welcomed.
34TH BALI ARTS FESTIVAL
The Bali Arts Festival is a full month of daily
performances, handicraft exhibitions and other related cultural and commercial
activities during which literally the whole of Bali comes to the city to
present its offerings of dance, music and beauty. On display are trances from
remote mountain slopes, forgotten or recently revived village dances, food and
offering contests, classical palace dances, stars of Balinese stage, odd
musical performances, “kreasi baru” (new creations) from the dance schools of
Denpasar, as well as contemporary choreography and dance companies from other
islands and from abroad.
Each year, the Bali Arts Festival, beside the fed
classical dances of the island, such as the legong, gambuh, kecak, barong,
baris, mask dances and the like, is based on the theme around which new “dance
choreography” is produced and old village dances and activities revived. Over
the years, the whole range of classical Balinese stories – Ramayana,
Mahabharata, Sutasoma, Panji – have thus been turned into “colossal” Sendratari
Ballets. 11 JUNE – 9 JULY 2013
c.
Solo Batik Festival
It is kind of festival to promote and keep the existance of batik as the
icon and identity of Solo and also to strenghten Solo Tradition and this
festival is always done on June in every year. This festival is a combination
among ceremony, fashion show and carnival, all people of pafticipant will wear
batic as the main topic.
d.
Grebeg Maulid Yogyakarta
Grebeg Maulid Yogyakarta is anual festival that will be done in Mulud Month
( one java calender).
Gerebeg is a lot of people come together in a place
Mulud is one of Java Calender.
Gerebeg Maulud also caled as “Sekaten” which is the royal family try to
share something with the society.
There are two offerings that become the requirement to held Sekaten. Namely
Gunungan Kakung and Gunungan Putri. For example gunungan putri ha meaning as
the symbol of properity. The diffirences of this festival with other festival
is there are many troops that guard the gunungan by wearing special dresscode
from past era.
Fashion
Traditional
Cloths is the special dresscode thath own by every region as the identity and
the characterisics of every regions. There are many traditional cloths from
Indonesia likes Batik, Kebaya,
FUNGSI PUBLIC SPEAKING
Aristoteles dalam bukunya The Rhetoric menyebutkan empat fungsi public speaking: 1. Mencegah
munculnya penyimpangan dan ketidakadilan, 2. Menyampaika instruksi sekiranyan
instruksi keilmuan tidak diperbolehkan; 3. Membicarakan suatu kasus agar kasus
itu dapat diketahui dari berbagai aspek; dan 4. Berfungsi sebagai alat
mempertahankan diri.
Dalam penggunaanya yang lebih kontemporer, public
speaking berfungsi untuk (Whitman and Boase 1983:296):
-
Menarik
perhatian (to interest)
-
Menghibur (to
entertain)
-
Memberikan
informasi (to inform)
-
Mempertanyakan
suatu perkara ( to inquire)
-
Membujuk ( to
pursuade)
-
Meyakinkan
(to convince)
-
Memberikan
rangsangan (to stimulate)
-
Memberikan
kritikan (to denounce)
-
Membentuk
kesan (to impress)
-
Memperingatkan
( to warn)
-
Membangun
semangat ( to arouse)
-
Memberika instruksi
(to instruct)
-
Menyajikan
sebuah penelusuran (to explore)
-
Menggerakkan
masa (to move)
-
Menyamarkan
suatu perkara (to confuse)
Dari sekian banyak fungsi di atas:
a.
To convince
Ungkapan-ungkapan
yang sering muncul dalam sebuah pidato untuk meyakinkan antara lain:
-
I am
convinced that.....
-
I believe (that)........
I think
I suppose
I guess
I prestime
I assume
I doubt
I expect
I know
I simply can’t believe (that)......
-
I am sure
that.......
-
It is a
certain thing that......
-
There is no
doubt that...
-
The very
thing is that....
-
It appears to
me....
-
I would
firmly say that.....
-
I am
completely sure that .......
-
To the best
of my knowledge ,
It is
possible that....
It is
likely that....
It is
propable that....
These
data point to the possibility that......
A
probable explanation of this is that.......
Most
probable social problem exposed to .....
-
The surest
thing to consider seriously is that.....
-
We must now
consider the possibility that ......
-
Don’t pose
any doubt just take this conviction that.......
b.
To instruct
-
Shall we
pray!
-
Let me order
you to....
-
I would
invite you to....
Advise
you to...
Recommend
that you should......
-
It will be
better if you .......
-
You should
have known better that......
-
I want you
to.....
-
I would like
you to.....
-
Think what
you could do with money you spend on cigarettes! (= I ask you to give up
smoking)
-
Allow me to
request you to........
-
Could/would
you...?
-
Could/would
you make up your mind?
-
I wonder if
you would let me remind you...
-
I would ask
you to pay close attention to.......
-
I warn you
that.....
-
Do
help.....(sebuah seruan untuk menolong)
-
Do help the
World Children Fund!
-
All we have
to do is that ..........
-
There is no
other way but we have to......
-
You shoul/
shouldn’t.......
-
You should
keep discipline.
-
You shouldn’t
be strong
-
You
should/shouldn’t have.....
-
You should
have managed your time better.
-
You shouldn’t
have forgotten your rights.
-
If ........,
....... would........
-
If the
children didn’t watch TV so much, they would have more time for their school work.
-
You can......
, but....
-
You can do
anything you want, but you mustn’t spoil democracy.
-
We are
obliged to......
-
You do not
need.....
-
You do not
need to push somebody to accept your ideas.
-
Why don’t we
.....?
-
Why don’t we
revisit our values?
-
We should .......,
otherwise.....
-
We should
review our pattern of development, otherwise we will keep left behind.
-
We should
......., in case ......
,
so that.......
We should arrive at a concensus,
In case the conflict gets worse.
So that the conflict gets finished.
-
You should
have ......
Shouldn’t have .......
You should have managed your time better.
You should’t heve forgotten your rights.
-
If .......,
...... would ......
If the children didn’t watch TV so much,
They would have more time for their school work.
-
You can ....,
but.....
You can do anythingnyou want, but you mustn’t
spoil democracy.
-
We are
obliged to .....
-
It’s good
idea to .......
-
It’s best to
.......
You had better ....... than.....
You had better give them knowledge of making bread
that bread itself.
-
Do you think
you could just ask people to .....?
Do you think you could just ask people to stop
smoking?
-
Would it be
all right if we .....?
Would it be all right if we just do nothing?
-
It is
advisable that .....
-
It might be advisable to .....
-
It would seem
wise to ....
-
It might be
wise to .....
c.
To inform
d.
To actuate / stimulate
e.
To entertain
Teknik Menyusun Sebuah Pidato
Struktur
sebuah pidato
1.
Addresses, greetings (penyampaian kepada hadirin , tabik
salam)
2.
Opening/ introduction (bagian pembukaan)
3.
Body (isi pidato)
4.
Closing (penutup)
5.
Thanking (ucapan terimakasih atas perhatian hadirin)
a.
Addresses
(penyapaan kepada hadirin)
Kepada Khalayak
Umum
-
Ladies and Gentlemen,
-
Dear friends,
-
Dear Brother and Sisters,
-
Distinguished Guests,
b.
Greetings (tabik
salam)
Ungkapan-ungkapan tabik salam yang sangat lazim antara
lain:
-
Assalaamu’alaikum warahmatullahhi wabarakatuh.
-
Good morning,
-
Good afternoon,
-
Good evening,
c.
Opening /
Introduction (bagian pembukaan)
Kalimat-kalimat pembukaan umumnya berbunyi sebagai
berikut:
-
I’m greatly honoured and grateful for the opportunity
given to me in addressing a speech on “...............”(judul pidato Anda)
-
It is great pleasure for me to be given the opportunity
to deliver a commemorative speech on this memorable occasion of the (Acara
Pidato yang Anda ikuti. Contoh: Harkitnas, Hardiknas dan lain-lain) which is
dedicated to the our National Heroes
d.
Closing (bagian
penutup)
Ungkapan-ungkapan yang lazim dipakai ntuk bagian penutup
antara lain:
-
In concluding, I would like to express......
-
I would like to conclude my speech by........
-
Finally, I would like to ..........
-
Lastly, I wish to say a word about .........
-
As a final remark , I just would like to say ...........
-
In parting, let me express ........
-
The main points that have been made are ..........
-
In conclusion, I should just like to say ........
Example :
In conclusion, I sincerely hope that such forum be
repeated, because it is of such foundation that an edifice of mutual
understanding will be firmly built. Thank you very much!
Ada
hal penting yang harus diperhatikan berkenaan dengan bagian penutup. Seorang
orator hendaknya menghindari pemakaian frase-frase yang bermaksud merendahkan
hati yang tidak perlu seperti:
-
I know I have not done this speech very well.
-
I know I have felt to say what I wanted to say.
-
I know that anyone else could have done better than I.
-
I hope you excuse my lack of preparation.
e.
Thanking (ucapan
terimakasih atas perhatian hadirin)
Ungkapan-ungkapan ucapan terimaksih yang sangat lazim
antara lain adalah:
-
Thank you.
-
Thank you very much.
-
Thank you indeed.
-
Thank you very, very much.
-
Thank you a lot for your attention.
f.
Ungkapan-
ungkapan dalam bagian pembahasan:
I.
Menyampaikan
rencana isi pidato:
I have divided my speech into five sections ..........
I have put the subject into four sections ......
I’d like firstly to talk about........
The first point is ........
My second part will concern .......
In the third part will concern about ........
The fourth part will concern to ........
Finally, I’d like to talk a little about ....
And finally, allow me to rise briefly the isues of ......
II.
Membuka bagian
utam pidato:
Let me start by asking you the following questions ......
Let me start by posting the question ......
I’d like to start by drawing your attention to .....
Let me begin by nothing that ......
III.
Beralih ke
bagian atau pembicaraan lain:
Let me now turn to ......
Can we now turn to ......
Now let’s see another part of our talk .......
I would now focus on ......
IV.
Menunda suatu
bahasan untuk dibicarakan kemudian:
I’ll discuss it leter.
Later I’ll come on to ......
I’ll come on this later.
In the folliwing part, we’ll come on to it.
As will be shown later.
V.
Menginatkan
kembali hal yang disampaikan di bagian dahulu:
As I mentioned earlier,
As I said earlier,
I’d like now to return to the question......
As you will remember
VI.
Menggarisbawahi
hal atau bagian penting suatu pidato:
The interesting thing about ........ is ......
The significant thing about .........is .......
The most important thing about ..........is ......
What we have to remember is .........
VII.
Menunjukkan
bahwa suatu hal telah cukup dibahas dan akan beralih ke hal lain:
Right,
Okay,
Good,
Now,
Now then,
Well now,
Well,
Right then,
So,
The
Television Presenter
The television presenter is the
front-person for a program. Their job includes:
- Presenting information and/or
opinions.
- Introducing people and elements
of the show.
- Interviewing guests.
- Linking between segments of the
show.
- Taking part in onscreen
activities.
Being
a presenter is all about personality. Although presenters must learn a few
simple technical skills, what usually makes or breaks a presenter is the
ability to project the right type of onscreen personality.
Obviously
some presenting roles have specific requirements. For example, a news reader
must be able to read an autocue without mistakes, a football presenter must
have good game knowledge, a children's presenter must be able to relate well to
kids, etc.
Required Skills
Presenters are expected to have the following skills:
- Basic knowledge of television terminology and operating procedures.
- A clear voice.
- Self-confidence.
- Interpersonal skills.
- For studio or OB work, the ability to keep presenting while
hearing instructions through an earpiece.
- Improvisation skills.
- The ability to work calmly under stress.
- In most cases, some knowledge of the program topic (e.g.
sports, etc).
TV-Friendliness
Like it or not, it's a fact that your looks can have a
bearing on your ability to find work as a presenter. You don't necessarily have
to be gorgeous, but let's face it — ugly people are under-represented in this
vocation. We don't approve of it but it would be remiss of us not to be
realistic.
If you're not blessed with great looks, don't assume that
you can never be in front of a camera. You might be surprised at how well you
come across with a little training and a little makeup. You can also look for
work in areas which are less reliant upon looks. For example, an
ordinary-looking presenter would have trouble getting work on a makeover show,
but might do fine in general interest shows such as science, travel, etc.
The Television Floor Manager
The television floor manager
is the person in charge of the production "floor". In studio settings
the floor is the main production area where all the action takes place, often
on a stage. In outside broadcast settings, the floor is a temporary
area where presenters and other talent are located.
The floor manager is the link
between the director and people on the floor, i.e. presenters, talent, other
staff and the audience. The floor manager normally wears an earpiece and
microphone to stay in constant contact with the control room. S/he passes
information and cues to the talent and relays information back to the director.
The floor manager's duties can include...
Before the show:
- Assisting with production planning and consulting on logistics.
- Ensuring all staging, furniture and props are ready before the
show starts.
- Ensuring all equipment is in place and technical checks have
been done.
- Briefing presenters and talent.
- Preparing the audience.
- Coordinating rehearsals.
During the show:
- Relaying information between the control room, floor staff and
talent.
- Providing cues, timing and other information to presenters and
talent.
- Informing the director of any relevant off-camera action.
- Preparing for upcoming parts of the show.
- Maintaining control of the audience and ensuring they are
looked after.
- Overseeing safety issues on the floor.
- In outside broadcasts; liasing with venue staff, organizing
talent, etc.
Required Skills
The floor manager is a senior position. As such it requires
a high level of maturity, confidence and competence. A good floor manager will
have a broad understanding of television requirements and know all the floor
staff positions well (camera,
sound,
lighting, etc).
The floor manager must be able to work well under stress
and be able to deal with difficult situations calmly. S/he must have excellent
interpersonal skills and be unflinchingly diplomatic.
A sense of timing and continuity is critical. A good sense
of space is also helpful when referring to floor plans and making set changes
flow well.
Most floor managers work their way up to this position from
having worked in other television roles. Formal qualifications are helpful but
practical experience is what really matters.
NEW MOON SUMMARY
Isabella
"Bella" Marie Swan is thrown an eighteenth birthday party by Alice
and Edward Cullen, the vampire she loves, and the rest of their vampire family.
While unwrapping a gift, the paper cuts Bella's finger. Jasper, the newest
member of the 'family' to attempt a non-human diet, leaps for Bella,
overwhelmed by the scent of blood. Edward and his family protect Bella, but the
realization of the danger Bella faces due to her proximity to vampires
terrifies him. Edward reveals that he believes vampires are soulless creatures
who will not experience an afterlife. Edward constantly struggles with his
relationship with Bella because he does not want to turn Bella into a damned
creature. Edward convinces Bella that he doesn't want her anymore, and he and
his family depart from Forks in an attempt to keep her safe.
Four
months pass and Bella has become a "zombie," existing but not really
living. Trying to please her father, Charlie, Bella goes to a movie with her
friend Jessica. When Bella spots a group of men in an alleyway, she remembers a
time when Edward save her before, and decides to approach the men. Bella then
hears Edward's voice in her head, warning her to stay away from them. Believing
she may be on the verge of insanity, she concludes her subconscious mind is
helping her believe that Edward cares whether she lives or dies. Thinking that
the delusions are triggered by recklessness or being in a dangerous situation,
she seeks other ways to trigger Edward's voice.
Jacob
Black, Bella's friend from the nearby reservation, returns in New Moon. Bella
finds two motorcycles on the side of the road and decides that they are the
perfect way to hear Edward's voice. However, they need work and she remembers
that Jacob has some mechanical skills. Jacob agrees to fix them and teach Bella
how to ride. When Bella rides, Edward's voice scolds her for being
"reckless and childish and idiotic." Jacob and Bella become very
close friends, with Bella relying on his warmth and friendship in order to heal
from Edward's leaving. Jacob is romantically interested in Bella, even though
she makes it clear that she wants nothing more than friendship with him.
Jacob
suddenly becomes very ill and fevered, but Bella faces firm resistance when she
tries to contact him. Finally, Bella contacts him, only to learn that Jacob has
become a follower of Sam Uley. Anxious without Jacob in her life, Bella fears
she may slip back into her "zombie phase." Desperate, she returns to
Edward's meadow in an attempt to get close to a past memory. There, she runs
into the vampire Laurent, who tries to attack her. When a pack of giant wolves
appear and scare off Laurent, Bella escapes.
Bella
confronts Jacob, who is forbidden to explain anything to her. However, he tells
her that she already knows because he told her the first night they met. Bella
eventually recalls a story about werewolves and vampires and realizes that
Jacob, and the rest of Sam Uley's gang, are werewolves.
Bella's
life becomes even more difficult when Victoria arrives in Forks. Victoria seeks
to avenge her mate, the vicious tracker vampire James the Cullens destroyed in
Twilight. Rather than kill Edward, Victoria sees killing Edward's
"mate" as a fair trade, not realizing that Edward and his family have
left Forks. It is up to Jacob and his werewolf pack to protect Bella from
Victoria's revenge. Bella spends most of her time wandering around alone since
Jacob is often away with the pack searching for any sign of Victoria. She soon
gets frustrated, desperate to hear Edward's voice. Although she had planned to
try cliff diving with Jacob, she cannot wait, and jumps alone. The weather is
tumultuous, and the current pulls Bella under. She hears Edward's voice
pleading with her to try to fight the water, but soon she is too fatigued and
resigns herself to death. Her last thoughts are "Goodbye, I love
you," before Jacob saves her life.
Afterward
Bella and Jacob learn that Harry Clearwater, a friend of their fathers, has
passed away. Jacob then takes Bella home, where she finds Alice waiting for
her. Bella rejoices in Alice returning but soon realizes that it is only
temporary. Using her gift of seeing visions of the future, Alice
"saw" Bella jump off the cliff and thought that she was committing
suicide. She did not see Jacob save her because, as she later finds out, she
cannot see werewolves in her visions.
During
Alice's stay, Jacob is angry that Bella chose the "bloodsucker" over
him. During Bella and Jacob's argument, Edward, posing as Carlisle, calls
Bella's house. When Edward asks for Charlie, Jacob, who answered the phone,
informs him that Charlie is "at the funeral." Although Jacob means
Harry Clearwater's funeral, Edward mistakenly believes that Bella has died. Not
wanting to live in a world without Bella, Edward travels to Volterra, Italy to
anger the Volturi, a "royal" vampire family, into killing him by
exposing the existence of vampires.
Bella
and Alice rush to Italy and save Edward just in time. The three of them meet
with Aro, a Volturi leader who can read minds through touch. Aro provides them
with an ultimatum: either, Bella, as a human who knows of the existence of
vampires, must die, or be turned into a vampire. Although Edward rejects both
options, Alice shows Aro that Bella will become a vampire and the trio are
released.
Bella
and the Cullen family all return to Forks. Edward confesses to Bella that he
left in an attempt to protect her. Bella desperately wants to become a vampire
so she can remain with Edward, but Edward refuses. Bella then asks the Cullens
to vote on whether they feel Bella should be changed into a vampire. All but
Rosalie and Edward agree that she should be changed. Edward, who abhors the
idea of Bella becoming a vampire, convinces Carlisle to wait until after
graduation to change Bella. Edward offers to change Bella himself, but
conditions his offer on Bella's agreement to marry him. Bella is terrified of
marriage, and refuses.
In
the epilogue, Bella thinks back to her "pre-zombie" state and says
that "it was as if the last eight months were just a disturbing nightmare."
Charlie is furious with Bella for her unexplained three-day absence, but she
knows that with Edward at her side, everything will be okay.
Outside Broadcasts
Outside
Broadcast ("OB") refers to any
television or radio programme which is broadcast from a location away from the
normal studio setting. The location doesn't actually have to be out-of-doors —
the "outside" simply means "outside the studio".
Television outside broadcasts can be
any size and complexity, from a single camera to dozens of cameras and staff.
Generally, the term OB implies multi-camera coverage co-ordinated and directed
from a mobile control room.
An "OB Unit" is a mobile
production unit (with equipment and crew) which is able to travel to a location
and provide broadcast coverage. A simple OB unit could include any of the
following:
- A number of cameras (usually at
least four)
- A mobile control room, staffed
by a director, vision controller, sound operator and VT (videotape)
operator
- Equipment and housing for a
presentation area
- Transmission equipment
Events commonly covered by OB units
include sports, concerts, ceremonies, etc. OB units may specialise in a
particular area; for example, a motorsports OB unit would carry specialised
camera equipment for in-car coverage and have staff which know this particular
sport well.
Related
information:
